Panic Disorder

Panic Attack

Panic Disorder

Recurrent Panic Attacks

Anticipatory Anxiety

Agoraphobia

Hypochondriasis

Demoralisation

Epidemiology

Age of Onset

Situation of Onset

Stressful Life Events

Early Life Events

Maternal Over-Protection

Separation Anxiety

Short and Long-term Outcomes

Comorbidity

Panic Disorder: Pathogenesis

Biological Findings

Provocative Agents

Neurotransmitter Systems

Neuroanatomical Models

Brain Imaging

Psychological Models

Psychodynamic Models

Behavioural Models

Cognitive Models

Areas of Controversy and Debate

The Evolutionary Perspective

Panic Disorder: Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Benzodiazepines

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

Other Drugs

Psychotherapy

Overcoming Anxiety (Home) > Panic Disorder > Neuroanatomical Models

Neuroanatomical Models

Gray proposed the earliest neuroanatomical model for anxiety. Such a model outlines a septohippocampal brain circuit and identifies behavioural inhibition as one of the potentially important functions for specific brain structures and their connections. Gorman et al. were the first authors to propose a neuroanatomical model specific to PDand they coherently accounted for the various clinical features of PD: panic attacks (discharge of brain stem nuclei ), anticipatory anxiety (limbic activation and kindling), agoraphobia/fearful avoidance (prefrontal cortical activation).

More recently, attention has been paid to amygdala, a phylogenetically ancient structure playing a central role in conditioned fear. Dysfunction in the amygdala, due perhaps to a lack of control by more recent cerebral structures, may result in amygdaloid activation and panic attack

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1. Short and Long-term Outcomes Short and Long Term Outcomes After DSM-III reclassification of anxiety disorders, several reports focused on the long-term outcome of panic disorder. Retrospective descriptions by [...]
2. Azapirones Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Azapirones Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Although the buspirone spectrum is not as broad as the BDZs, buspirone has been shown to be effective in [...]
3. Provocative Agents Provocative Agents Intravenous infusion of sodium lactate 0.5–1M has been reported to reliably induce panic attacks in PD patients . Twenty minutes [...]
4. Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors Syndrome Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors Syndrome A growing number of studies have evaluated members of the SSRI class of antidepressant. Two open clinical trials of paroxetine [...]

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