Panic Disorder

Panic Attack

Panic Disorder

Recurrent Panic Attacks

Anticipatory Anxiety

Agoraphobia

Hypochondriasis

Demoralisation

Epidemiology

Age of Onset

Situation of Onset

Stressful Life Events

Early Life Events

Maternal Over-Protection

Separation Anxiety

Short and Long-term Outcomes

Comorbidity

Panic Disorder: Pathogenesis

Biological Findings

Provocative Agents

Neurotransmitter Systems

Neuroanatomical Models

Brain Imaging

Psychological Models

Psychodynamic Models

Behavioural Models

Cognitive Models

Areas of Controversy and Debate

The Evolutionary Perspective

Panic Disorder: Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Benzodiazepines

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

Other Drugs

Psychotherapy

Overcoming Anxiety (Home) > Panic Disorder > Neuroanatomical Models

Neuroanatomical Models

Gray proposed the earliest neuroanatomical model for anxiety. Such a model outlines a septohippocampal brain circuit and identifies behavioural inhibition as one of the potentially important functions for specific brain structures and their connections. Gorman et al. were the first authors to propose a neuroanatomical model specific to PDand they coherently accounted for the various clinical features of PD: panic attacks (discharge of brain stem nuclei ), anticipatory anxiety (limbic activation and kindling), agoraphobia/fearful avoidance (prefrontal cortical activation).

More recently, attention has been paid to amygdala, a phylogenetically ancient structure playing a central role in conditioned fear. Dysfunction in the amygdala, due perhaps to a lack of control by more recent cerebral structures, may result in amygdaloid activation and panic attack

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