Panic Disorder

Panic Attack

Panic Disorder

Recurrent Panic Attacks

Anticipatory Anxiety

Agoraphobia

Hypochondriasis

Demoralisation

Epidemiology

Age of Onset

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Early Life Events

Maternal Over-Protection

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Panic Disorder: Pathogenesis

Biological Findings

Provocative Agents

Neurotransmitter Systems

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Areas of Controversy and Debate

The Evolutionary Perspective

Panic Disorder: Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Benzodiazepines

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

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Overcoming Anxiety (Home) > Panic Disorder > Provocative Agents

Provocative Agents

Intravenous infusion of sodium lactate 0.5–1M has been reported to reliably induce panic attacks in PD patients . Twenty minutes inhalation of air containing 5% CO2 or a single inhalation of 35% CO2 induces panic attacks in PD patients. Many hypotheses have been offered to explain the panicogenic effect of lactate and CO2. One is that CO2 and lactate, after being metabolised to CO2, induce panic attacks by stimulating the respiratory centres, which are hypersensitive in PD patients. This hypothesis is consistent with the ‘‘false suffocation alarm’’ theory of Klein . This theory supposes that PD patients have a low Anxiety Disorders.

Patients with PD are more sensitive to the panicogenic effects of caffeine than normal controls. Also, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, a mixed 5-HT agonist-antagonist, and fenfluramine, a 5-HT releasing drug, have both been reported to provoke panic attacks in challenge paradigms suggesting a role for 5-HT in PD pathogenesis. Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK- 4), a CCK agonist, is panicogenic in man

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3. Azapirones Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Azapirones Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Although the buspirone spectrum is not as broad as the BDZs, buspirone has been shown to [...]
4. Agoraphobia: Definition, Treatment, Symptom, Causes and Cure Agoraphobia: Definition, Treatment, Symptom, Causes and Cure Although family studies could challenge categorical distinctions between agoraphobia and panic disorder, and between agoraphobia and other phobias, [...]

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