Panic Disorder

Panic Attack

Panic Disorder

Recurrent Panic Attacks

Anticipatory Anxiety

Agoraphobia

Hypochondriasis

Demoralisation

Epidemiology

Age of Onset

Situation of Onset

Stressful Life Events

Early Life Events

Maternal Over-Protection

Separation Anxiety

Short and Long-term Outcomes

Comorbidity

Panic Disorder: Pathogenesis

Biological Findings

Provocative Agents

Neurotransmitter Systems

Neuroanatomical Models

Brain Imaging

Psychological Models

Psychodynamic Models

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Areas of Controversy and Debate

The Evolutionary Perspective

Panic Disorder: Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Benzodiazepines

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

Other Drugs

Psychotherapy

Overcoming Anxiety (Home) > Panic Disorder > Panic Disorder: Treatment

Treatment for Panic Disorder

PD is perhaps the disorder for which the greatest number of therapeutic strategies have been tested. In spite of a very large number of treatments that have proved to be effective, PD is nevertheless one of the most difficult tasks for the therapist. In fact, while treatments are generally very useful, the compliance of the patients is perhaps the worst in the entire psychiatric panorama and the attrition rate (i.e. the number of cases that drop out during the treatment) may reach 50%. The main problem the therapist is facing is therefore that of vehiculating the treatment to the patient.

In fact, treating PD patients is difficult for the following reasons:

1. PD patients are more responsive to some somatic side-effects of antidepressants, probably because of their vegetative dysreactivity.
2. They are more intolerant to side-effects, and often misinterpret them.
3. Their attitude towards drugs is commonly phobic, i.e., they are afraid of dependence, toxicity, etc.
4. Their need for control prevents them from completely trusting the therapist and from relaxing. Pharmacological and cognitive-behavioural interventions are considered the most extensive treatments studied in this field.

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